Plumbing System And Bathroom Fixture

• Soil appliances
• Waste water appliances
• Accessories

• Soil appliances

1. WCs
2. URINALS
3. BIDETS

• Waste water appliances

1. WASH BASINS
2. BATHS – bath tubs and jacuzzis
3. SHOWERS

• • Accessories 

 

1. GYSER
2. TOWEL RAIL/ TOWEL RING/ TWIN HOOK
3. SOAP DISH/ LIQUID SOAP DISPENSER/ ODONIL CONTAINER
4. GRAB BAR
5. TOILET PAPER HOLDER/ TOOTH PASTE HOLDER

Water Closets

PANS

• wall mounted, floor hung

SEATS

• seat with cover,combination closet with footrest, without footrest

FLUSHING CISTERNS

• manual automatic

DISCHARGE OUTGO   

• S – trap
• P – trap

Classification On The Basis Of Pans

Western

• Wall hung

1. P trap
2. Concealed piping
3. Space saving

• Floor mounted

1. Both S and P traps
2. Piping not concealed

Indian

Classification On The Basis Of Seats

Seat With Cover

Without Footrest

Combination Closet

With Footrest

Classification On The Basis Of Flushing Cistern

Manual flushing system

• Maintenance easier
• Allows adjustment of water to an ideal level to ensure water saving
• Chain pull
• Pushbutton
• Handle

Automatic flushing system

• Infrared Object Lock Technology.
• Matches flushing needs with optimum water conservation,
• Ensures Urinals & Toilets are always flushed

Auto Flush

• Adjustable water settings that can reduce water consumption by 50%
• Vandal resistant top mount & solid metal construction
• Infrared Technology
• Adjustable distance settings
• Optional Pre-Flush

This innovative system reduces major points of cross-contamination and ensure that urinals and toilets are always flushed, clean odor free and presentable.

Pressure-flush Toilets

Turbo Toilets 

• it injects pressurized water into the bowl and only take a few seconds to flush
• two handles to select either a moderate 1 gallon  or a stronger 1.6 gallon flush.

Pressure-flushers have a lot of power

Drawbacks

• Noisy
• some need electricity to run
• more splashing in some cases, they average up to 50% more than a comparable gravity toilet.

Setting Water Closets

Closet Flange 

• The fitting that connects the toilet to the waste pipe is the closet flange
• To install a closet flange, dry fit it into the waste pipe so it sets level on the floor. Glue it into place so the slots will line up with the toilet bolt holes.

Most toilets are assembled in two pieces: a bowl and a tank.

The bowl is installed first and  then the tank.

NOTE:

The closet flange should be plugged with a rag. Or the flange may have a plastic “seal” in its center. So that sewer gases are blocked until the toilet is set.

Removing Toilets

• If the toilet is two-piece, unscrew the two nuts under the tank and remove it. Unscrew the two closet flange nuts/bolts anchoring the toilet to the floor.
• Lift the toilet bowl off the flange and stuff a rag in the drain to prevent sewer gases from entering.

Urinals

Bowl

• Stall urinal
• Bowl urinal
• squatting

Flush

• Hands free- electronic sensor based
• Integrated units
• Manual  cistern

Partitions

Urinal – bowl

Stall Urinal

Bowl Urinal

Squatting

Advantages

• Economical
• Resistant to vandalism privacy

Disadvantages

• Laborious to clean
• Lack of privacy
• Frequent cleaning
• Uncomfortable

Bidet

Bidets  are appliances  for washing  excretory organs

Components

• Glazed  ceramic pedestal  bowl
• Flushing rim
• Overflow connected to a  waste
• Inlet for spray – rises from  bowl or a hand held spray

Wash Basins

• Pedestral  and
• Wall hung

Comparision on the Basis of Material

• Ceramic
• Glass
• Steel

Basins

        

Wash basins are designed for washing the upper part of the body.

Components

• Bowl
• Soap tray
• Outlet
• Water overflow
• Holes for fixing taps

Supports

• Wall brackets
• Pedestal

Pedestal  consists of a basin and a pedestal that is screwed to the floor  on which the basin is mounted . The  pedestal is to hide the trap, service pipes. They don’t provide a bathroom  with countertop space nor storage, but create more space.

Counter top is fixed on cast iron brackets screwed to wooden plugs in the wall. Under counter models utilize fasteners to hold the sink in place below the countertop’s surface.

Installing Pedestal Sinks

   

• The sink mounts to a bracket on the wall and also sets on the stand
• Mount the wall bracket for the sink and check it’s level.
• Position the stand and test fit the sink on both the bracket and stand.
• Drill a hole and fasten the bolt with a nut under the subfloor or mortar it in, then secure the stand

Installing Counter Top Sinks

• Cut the counter top opening if it isn’t already.
• Set the counter top over the lines and against the wall.
• Check that the cabinet is setting level/square and secure it in place
• Installing a counter top is an excellent way to get more storage and counter top space.

Pillar cock

It is designed to be fitted to the bath, basin or sink it serves, with the supply pipe connected vertically to the base of tap. It has to be rotated 90° to draw water. These also include mixer taps which mix hot and cold water.

Bib cock

It is designed to be fitted at the end of a pipeline to open to discharge water. The supply of the bib tap is in line of the pipe line. This type is fixed above bath , basin or sink it serves .

Quarter turn cocks

The  quarter turn cock contain two discs . The lower disc is fixed and the top disc can be turned through 90° . When the two holes coincide with those in the bottom fixed disc, the water flows. A lever, when turned or depressed operates a spindle to effect the necessary quarter turn to open the tap for water to flow .

Auto Faucets

Operates by means of a dual infrared sensor and microprocessor based logic.  Design incorporates all of the operating components of the faucet, including the sensor, solenoid, circuitry and battery above the sink within a die-cast metal spout.

Advantages

• Increased sanitation & hygiene
• The automatic no-touch sensor eliminates cross-contamination.
• 70% water savings

Bathtubs

Generally  bath tubs have a rectangular profile to accommodate end and side panels, an outlet, overflow,  holes for taps.

Tubs are made from

• composite (a plastic material encased by enameled steel)
• fiber glass
• acrylic
• cast iron
• steel

Advantages & Disadvantages

• Fiber Glass & Acrylic: large sizes & selection, lightweight — may feel flimsy, scratch easily.
• Steel: inexpensive — limited choices, noisy, dissipates heat.

Installing bath tubs

• Measure and mark the tub outline on the floor to estimate where the drain will be.
• Run a drain line to the soil stack. Dry fit, then glue a tee in the waste line to connect the tub drain and overflow.
• Add a trap below the tee and try to locate it between joists.

Jacuzzi

3 Wall Alcove

Corner Tub

What is a WHIRPOOL? 

A whirlpool is a special type of tub that has circulation jets in various areas. These jets provide a massage to the bather, a very relaxing and therapeutic feature.

The tub is installed against three walls, thus, only one side with a decorative finish.

At least two sides will stand against a wall, and one or more decorative sides will be visible.  

Principle of Air Jets

The bath water is sucked through suction assembly using a powerful pump. The water is pulsed through the bath via strategically placed nozzle. Mixture of air and water can be controlled by a turbulence controller

It consists of injecting high volume of air into the bath water through the nozzle which are fitted with non return valve.

It uses the massaging forces of water increased by turbo valve to give optimum bubbling and massaging intensity.

Showers

The conventional shower or shower bath  consists of a shower tray or receiver to collect water, with a fixed or hand held shower.

The wall around  fixed showers are lined with some impermeable material (tile) and open side is fitted with  a water proof curtain.

Telephone Showers

Overhead Showers

Pressure-balanced valves prevent water temperatures from fluctuating, and two shower heads, 3-way pulsating heads and extra body spray nozzles add more water and convenience.

Accessories

Piping

Traps and waste pipes – for bathrooms and kitchens waste pipes in white black and brown push fit and solvent weld.

                  

Underground pipes – 110mm soil pipes and black brown grey and white available.

Advantages of Copper Pipes

• Copper safe guards drinking water against bacteria
• Copper resistant to corrosion
• Copper pipes offer excellent flow rate minimizing sedimentation from water
• Copper pipes are easy to install and durable

Joining Copper Pipes

1st              2nd          

  3rd    

Disadvantages Of Copper Pipes

• Babies (less than 12 months old) are most susceptible to copper toxicity, as are people suffering from liver disease or a rare condition called Wilson’s Disease
• Blue-water (copper corrosion) can appear when water is supplied through and reacts with copper pipes and bitter taste in the water.
• Expensive

Sizes of Copper Pipes

• Copper pipe is available in a number of sizes commonly:
• 8 and 10 mm – for use microbore central heating systems
• 12 and 15 mm – generally for connections to individual taps, appliances etc.
• 22, 28 and 35 mm – generally for long runs where use of 15 mm piping would cause excessive pressure drop

Plumbing System

Introduction

Plumbing systems are the most important part of the building services. It is essential that plumbing fixage and joints are carried out carefully and with expertise as they have the greatest tendency to leak and fail.

Defects Occurring In Bath Tubs

• Clogging is common due to dirt particles.
• Improper workmanship at the edges of the wall may lead to seepage at the other side of that wall.

Traps

A trap is a depressed or bent sanitary fitting which always remains full of water. It‘s function in a drainage system is to prevent the passage of foul gases or air through it. The effectiveness of the trap usually depends on the water seal.

Types of Traps

• P trap
• S trap
• Q trap

These traps are named according to the shape of the letter they resemble. These traps can be broadly summarized according to their various functions.

Classification Of Traps According To Use

• Floor Trap
• Gully Trap
• Intercepting Trap

Intercepting Trap

The floor trap is provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathrooms, kitchens or washing floors.

Grease Trap

The grease trap is provided in large hotels restaurants or other industries producing large quantity of grease waste with the primary aim of removing the grease content of waste water before discharging into the drain.

Silt Trap

The silt trap is provided only in situations where the waste water carries large amount of silt, sand, coarse particles etc.

Traps [Examples]

  

Floor Trap

The floor trap is provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathrooms , kitchens or washing floors.

Leakage Due To Floor Traps

• PVC or CI pipe is embedded in concrete.
• Due to poor jointing or creep in concrete over the years, leaks may develop.
• M-seal or re-applying of concrete is effective.

Illustration Of Joints In A Typical Domestic Toilet

Here we see a single stack system in operation in a house. There is no provision for a separate anti-siphonage pipe ,as for two stories the single stack is quite efficient.

Shaft Dimensions

• The vertical stacks are placed 2” from the wall.
• Centre-to-centre distance of pipes is 9”.
• The pipe dimensions due to the collar are considered as 150mm
• The depth of the shaft should be at least 2 1/2ft
• The length is then calculated on the basis of no. Of pipes.

Connection Of Vertical Stack To Wall

• The vertical stacks are held against the wall with the help of clamps.
• The clamps go around the collar of the pipe at the junction (6ft)

Selecting The Right Dimension Of Pipes

Pipes [Examples]

 

Cowels [ Examples]

PVC Pipes V/S Cast Iron Pipes

• Lighter, easy handling.
• Cost (including labor) is RS 450/ rm.
• PVC jointing is done using epoxy resin.
• Have been in use since for long.
• Sturdy. Easy & reliable jointing.
• Long lasting.
• Cost is more @ RS 700/rm.

From The Gully Trap To The Manhole

Gully Trap

The gully trap is a deep seal trap which is provided on the external face of wall for disconnecting the waste water flowing from kitchen ,bath , washbasins and floors from the main drainage system.

Connections In Gully Trap

Conclusion

It is difficult to prevent plumbing defects which result in leakages etc in spite of excellent and carefully detailed plumbing . in course of time the building materials undergo settling, contraction and expansion due to temperature variation ,thereby, making plumbing defects unavoidable. Care may be taken therefore by examination of the exposed plumbing after a period of few years and executing appropriate repair work for the same. Sensitive detailing and good workmanship can ensure plumbing which will last for years.